Free Online Tool – 2026

Road Tax Calculator India: State RTO Charges Plus BH Series

Every state taxes your car differently, and no other calculator tells you whether the BH series beats lifetime registration. This one runs real 2026 state slabs, adds TCS and RTO charges, and shows your break-even.

15 states and UTs Petrol diesel CNG and EV Diesel surcharge and cess TCS above 10 lakh BH series break-even PDF and WhatsApp

State Slab Assessment: One-Time Road Tax and On-Road Estimate

Select your state to begin
Tax is set by the state where you register, not where you buy. Verify at parivahan.gov.in.
Total RTO outgo
Rs 0
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Where your money goes

Why Does the Same Car Cost Lakhs More in One State?

A Hyundai Creta priced at 14 lakh ex-showroom costs about 2.38 lakh in road tax in Karnataka. Drive the same car across the border and register it in Himachal Pradesh, and the tax drops to roughly 35,000. Nothing about the car changed.

The only difference is which state assembly wrote the tax law. Road tax in India is a state subject, not a central one, and each of the 36 states and union territories sets its own rate. That single fact explains almost every surprise buyers get at the RTO counter.

Motor vehicle tax, which most people call road tax, is a one-time lifetime payment for private vehicles. You pay it once when you register the car, and it covers you for 15 years. It is calculated as a percentage of the ex-showroom price, and that percentage climbs as the price climbs, and often as the fuel type changes.

A budget hatchback might attract 6 to 8 percent, while a luxury SUV in a high-tax state can cross 18 or 20 percent. On a 30 lakh car, the gap between a low-tax and a high-tax state can be more than 4 lakh.

The tax funds the state’s roads, bridges, and transport infrastructure. That is the justification for charging it locally: your vehicle wears out the roads in the state where you drive it, so that state collects the money to maintain them.

It also means the rate reflects each state’s own budget priorities. States that want to discourage private cars or diesel vehicles set higher rates, while smaller states and union territories keep them low to attract registrations.

Knowing your state’s exact slab before you buy is the difference between a nasty shock and a planned purchase. It also decides whether an alternative like the BH series makes sense for you, which is the one option almost every calculator ignores and this one puts front and centre.

What Goes Into Your On-Road Price Beyond the Sticker?

The ex-showroom price is only the starting point. Six separate charges stack on top of it before you can drive the car home, and only two of them are fixed by the car itself. Understanding each line stops dealers from padding the on-road quote with vague figures.

Road tax: the big one

This is the largest add-on and the one that varies most. It is your state slab percentage applied to the ex-showroom price. Some states add a road safety cess calculated on the tax amount itself, so Maharashtra adds 2 percent and Andhra Pradesh adds 10 percent on top of the base tax.

Diesel vehicles usually carry a surcharge of 1 to 2 percentage points, while CNG and hybrids sometimes get a small rebate, and electric vehicles are exempt or heavily reduced in most states.

TCS: the charge buyers forget

Tax Collected at Source applies at 1 percent on any vehicle with an ex-showroom price above 10 lakh. It is collected by the dealer at the point of sale and deposited against your PAN, so you can adjust it against your income tax liability later.

Many calculators leave it out, which understates the true cash you need at delivery. On a 15 lakh car, that is 15,000 you must pay upfront even though you recover it at tax filing.

Registration, plates, and hypothecation

The RTO registration fee is a modest 600 for a private car. The High Security Registration Plate, mandatory under a Supreme Court directive, adds roughly 1,100 for a car and 400 for a two-wheeler.

If you financed the car on a loan, a hypothecation charge of about 1,500 records the lender’s lien on the registration certificate. A FASTag, now compulsory, adds a few hundred more. These fixed charges are small next to the road tax but they are real, and this calculator itemises every one.

State Road Tax Slabs: Full Rate Tables for 2026

These are the representative 2026 rates the calculator applies, drawn from state motor vehicle taxation schedules. Rates are revised in state budgets, so confirm your exact slab on the Vahan portal or with your dealer before you buy.

High-tax states: where registration hurts most

StatePetrol car rateDiesel treatmentCess on taxEV treatment
Karnataka13 to 18% by priceSame as petrolNone5 to 10% (taxed from Apr 2026)
Kerala13 to 15%Same as petrolNoneNo exemption
Maharashtra11 to 13% by pricePlus 2 percentage points2% road safetyFull waiver
Tamil Nadu13 to 15%Same as petrolNoneFull waiver
Telangana13 to 15%Same as petrolNoneFull waiver
Andhra Pradesh12 to 14%Same as petrol10% safety surchargeFull waiver

Moderate and low-tax states

StatePetrol car rateNotesEV treatment
West Bengal10 to 11%Price-bandedPartial only
Delhi4 to 10% by priceDiesel plus 1.25%Full waiver
Rajasthan10 to 13%Diesel plus 2%Full waiver
Haryana5 to 10% by pricePrice-bandedFull waiver
Uttar Pradesh8% then 10% at 10 lakhFlat two-bandFull waiver
Madhya Pradesh8% then 10% at 10 lakhFlat two-bandNo exemption
GujaratFlat 6%On pre-GST invoice valueFull waiver
Himachal Pradesh2.5% then 7%Among the lowestFull waiver
Dadra and Nagar HaveliFlat 2.5%Lowest in IndiaFull waiver

Fixed RTO charges applied everywhere

ChargeCarTwo-wheelerWhen it applies
Registration feeRs 600Rs 300Always
HSRP plateRs 1,100Rs 400Always, mandatory
HypothecationRs 1,500Rs 1,500Only if financed
FASTagRs 550Not applicableCars, mandatory
TCS1% of price1% of pricePrice above 10 lakh

The BH Series: When Lifetime Tax Is the Wrong Choice

Here is the option most buyers never hear about until it is too late. The Bharat series, or BH series, lets eligible owners pay road tax in two-year blocks instead of a single lifetime lump sum, and the registration stays valid across every state without re-registration. For someone who moves between states, this can save lakhs and a mountain of paperwork.

Eligibility is specific. The BH series is open to central and state government employees, defence personnel, public sector employees, and private sector employees whose employer has offices in four or more states or union territories.

If you qualify and you expect to relocate, the BH series removes the single biggest pain of interstate moves: paying road tax twice and fighting for a refund of the first.

The maths is where this calculator earns its keep.

BH tax is charged as a percentage of the invoice value, roughly 8 percent below 10 lakh, 10 percent between 10 and 20 lakh, and 12 percent above, paid in two-year renewable blocks rather than once. Over a short ownership period in a high-tax state, the total BH payments come to far less than the lifetime tax you would otherwise sink into a single state.

Over a long ownership period in a low-tax state, lifetime registration usually wins because the recurring BH blocks add up. The calculator above takes your price, fuel, state, and expected years of ownership, then tells you plainly which path costs less for your exact situation. Register on the Parivahan portal to opt into the BH series.

How Does the Road Tax Calculation Actually Work?

Following the arithmetic yourself makes the RTO demand notice far less mysterious, and it lets you sanity-check any dealer quote. Here is the full working the calculator runs for every vehicle.

Start with the taxable base

For almost every state, the taxable base is the ex-showroom price, which is the manufacturer’s price including GST but before any RTO charges, insurance, or dealer handling.

Gujarat is the one notable exception, taxing the pre-GST invoice value instead, which is why an identical car is cheaper to register there than the headline 6 percent rate suggests. The calculator handles this by dividing out the GST component for Gujarat before applying the rate.

Find your price band and apply the slab

Most states tier the rate by price. A car under 10 lakh sits in a lower band than one above it, and luxury vehicles above 20 lakh often hit the top band. The calculator matches your ex-showroom price to the correct band for your state and reads off the percentage.

This is the single biggest number in the whole calculation, so getting the band right matters more than any other step. A car priced at exactly the band threshold usually falls into the higher band, which is why buyers sometimes negotiate a price just under a threshold.

Add fuel adjustments

Once the base rate is set, the fuel type adjusts it. Diesel adds a surcharge of 1 to 2 percentage points in states that penalise it. CNG and hybrids sometimes get a small rebate.

Electric vehicles either drop to zero in waiver states or to a reduced slab in the few states that now tax them. This adjustment happens on the rate itself, before it is applied to the price, so a 2 point diesel surcharge on a 20 lakh car is a full 40,000 of extra tax.

Layer the cess, TCS, and fixed charges

After the base road tax is computed, a road safety cess is added in states that levy one, calculated as a percentage of the tax rather than the price. Then TCS of 1 percent is added if the price exceeds 10 lakh.

Finally the fixed charges go on top: registration, the HSRP plate, a FASTag for cars, and hypothecation if the vehicle is financed. The sum of all these is your total RTO outgo, and adding it to the ex-showroom price gives your on-road price before insurance.

The calculator itemises each layer so you can see exactly where every rupee goes.

This transparency matters because dealers often present a single on-road figure without a breakdown, and a buyer who cannot see the components has no way to tell a legitimate government charge from an inflated handling fee. When you know that road tax is fixed by the state and TCS is recoverable, you can focus your negotiation on the charges that are actually negotiable, which are the dealer handling and accessory items.

Choosing Between States and Fuel Types Before You Buy

The road tax you pay is largely decided before you ever sign the paperwork, by three choices: where you register, what you drive, and how you finance it. Planning these deliberately can save a serious amount.

Your registration state is fixed by where you legally reside, so it is not a free choice, but it does mean you should know your own state’s rate before you assume a car is affordable.

A buyer in Karnataka faces some of the highest rates in the country, so the same budget buys a cheaper car on-road than it would in Delhi or Gujarat. If you are genuinely relocating for work, the timing of your move and your eligibility for the BH series become real financial levers, not just administrative details.

Fuel type is the choice most within your control. In surcharge states, diesel adds a meaningful chunk to registration on top of its higher purchase price, so the running-cost savings need to be large and the ownership long to justify it.

Electric vehicles flip the calculation entirely: in a waiver state, the road tax saving can be one to three lakh on a premium car, which substantially offsets the EV price premium. For a buyer choosing between a diesel SUV and an electric one in a full-waiver state, the registration difference alone can be worth several lakh.

Financing adds only a small hypothecation charge, but it is worth knowing it appears on your registration certificate as a lien until you close the loan and file for its removal. When you clear a car loan, remember to complete the hypothecation removal at the RTO, otherwise the lien stays on record and complicates any future sale.

None of these choices is exotic, but together they decide whether your on-road price lands where you expected or thousands of rupees higher. Running your exact combination through the calculator before you visit the showroom turns a guess into a plan.

Green Tax and the Cost of Keeping an Older Vehicle

Road tax at first registration is not the last tax your vehicle attracts. As a car ages, a separate green tax comes into play, and understanding it helps you decide when a vehicle stops being worth keeping. This is a cost most buyers never plan for because it lands years after purchase.

Green tax is levied at the time of fitness certificate renewal, which for private vehicles typically becomes relevant once the vehicle crosses 15 years, and for commercial vehicles at 8 years. The idea is to discourage older, more polluting vehicles from staying on the road.

The amount varies by state and vehicle type, but it recurs at each renewal, so an ageing vehicle keeps costing you at every fitness cycle. In some metros, older diesel vehicles face additional restrictions or outright bans regardless of the tax paid.

For a buyer, this changes the long-term maths on a vehicle. A car you plan to keep for twenty years will attract green tax in its later life, and if it is a diesel in a metro it may face usage restrictions that reduce its resale value sharply.

Weighing this against the one-time road tax at purchase gives a fuller picture of the true lifetime cost. Electric vehicles, which are exempt from road tax in most states and face no green tax, look increasingly attractive when you count the full ownership horizon rather than just the day you drive off the lot.

When the time comes to retire an old vehicle, the government’s scrappage policy offers incentives, including a certificate that can reduce road tax on your next purchase in participating states.

So the end of one vehicle’s life can lower the registration cost of the next, closing the loop between the tax you pay today and the one you will pay years from now. Planning for green tax and scrappage from the start, rather than being surprised by them, is what separates a well-budgeted vehicle purchase from an expensive afterthought.

Worked Examples: Three Buyers, Three States

The numbers land differently depending on where you register and what you drive.

Here are three buyers calculated exactly as the RTO would, each in a different state and each facing a different quirk of the system, from the top Karnataka slab to the Maharashtra diesel surcharge to a Tamil Nadu EV weighing the BH series. Read them together and the logic of Indian road tax stops feeling arbitrary.

RK
Rohan in Bengaluru
Petrol SUV, high-tax state
Karnataka

Rohan buys a petrol SUV priced at 20 lakh ex-showroom in Bengaluru. Karnataka applies its top slab of 18 percent to vehicles above 20 lakh, but at exactly 20 lakh he falls in the 17 percent band, giving a road tax of 3.4 lakh. Because the price is above 10 lakh, a 1 percent TCS of 20,000 applies.

Registration, HSRP, and FASTag add about 2,250. His total RTO outgo comes to roughly 3.62 lakh, pushing his on-road price to about 23.62 lakh before insurance. Karnataka’s rates are among the steepest in the country, and this is why.

Road taxRs 3.40 L
TCSRs 20,000
Fixed chargesRs 2,250
Total RTORs 3.62 L
Takeaway: in Karnataka the road tax alone on a 20 lakh SUV exceeds what a whole small car costs to register elsewhere.
MP
Meera in Pune
Diesel sedan, cess state
Maharashtra

Meera buys a diesel sedan at 12 lakh ex-showroom in Pune. Maharashtra taxes petrol cars in this band at 11 percent, but diesel carries a 2 percentage point surcharge, so her rate is 13 percent, giving a road tax of 1.56 lakh. Maharashtra then adds a 2 percent road safety cess on the tax amount, another 3,120.

The 1 percent TCS adds 12,000 since the car is above 10 lakh. With fixed charges of about 3,750 including hypothecation on her loan, her total RTO outgo is close to 1.79 lakh. The diesel surcharge alone cost her 24,000 more than a petrol version would have.

Road taxRs 1.56 L
Cess on taxRs 3,120
TCSRs 12,000
Total RTORs 1.79 L
Takeaway: the diesel surcharge plus safety cess makes Meera’s fuel choice a 27,000 decision at the RTO, before she buys a drop of fuel.
AS
Arjun in Chennai
EV plus BH series decision
Tamil Nadu

Arjun, a private sector employee whose company operates in six states, buys an electric car at 18 lakh ex-showroom in Chennai. Tamil Nadu gives EVs a full road tax waiver, so his road tax is zero, and he pays only TCS of 18,000 plus fixed charges of about 2,250. But Arjun expects to be transferred within three years.

Under lifetime registration he would pay nothing now but face fresh road tax if he moves to a taxing state. Under the BH series, his EV attracts a reduced BH rate, paid in small two-year blocks, and the registration follows him anywhere. For his short horizon and multi-state career, the BH series removes the re-registration risk entirely.

Road tax (EV)Rs 0
TCSRs 18,000
Fixed chargesRs 2,250
Total RTORs 20,250
Takeaway: an EV in a waiver state pays almost nothing, and for a mobile employee the BH series protects that advantage across state lines.

Expert Tips to Cut Your Road Tax Legally

These are the levers that genuinely reduce what you pay at the RTO, based on how states actually assess the tax and where buyers overpay. Every one is legitimate and available to owners who plan before they buy.

01
Consider an electric vehicle for the tax waiver alone. Most states still exempt EVs from road tax entirely. On a 15 lakh car in Karnataka, that waiver was worth over 2 lakh before EVs began to be taxed there. In full-waiver states like Delhi and Tamil Nadu, the road tax saving can fund a large chunk of the price premium an EV carries.
02
Check the BH series before you register anywhere. If you or your employer qualify and you expect to move states, the BH series can be dramatically cheaper and spares you re-registration. Run your exact price and ownership period through the calculator above before you commit to lifetime registration.
03
Weigh petrol against diesel at the RTO, not just the pump. In Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and other surcharge states, diesel adds 2 percentage points to your road tax. On an expensive car that surcharge can exceed 30,000, which changes the payback maths on diesel’s lower running cost.
04
Register in your genuine state of residence. Cross-state registration purely to exploit a lower rate is illegal and states are cracking down, with penalties, RC cancellation, and insurance complications. The rule is that you register where you actually reside, so plan around your real address, not a loophole.
05
Budget for TCS as real upfront cash. The 1 percent TCS above 10 lakh is recoverable against your income tax, but you still pay it at delivery. Keep it in your on-road budget so the final invoice does not catch you short, then claim it when you file your return.
06
Time a big purchase around state budget announcements. States revise road tax slabs and EV policies in their annual budgets. If a rate hike or the end of an EV waiver is announced, registering before it takes effect can lock in the lower rate. Watch your state transport department notifications.

How Does Road Tax Fit Among Other Car Costs?

Road tax is the largest single government charge at purchase, but it is one of several costs that make up the true price of putting a car on the road and keeping it there. Seeing them together prevents the budgeting mistakes that catch first-time buyers.

At purchase, you face the ex-showroom price, then road tax, then TCS if the car is above 10 lakh, then the fixed RTO charges, and finally first-year insurance and any dealer handling.

Only the ex-showroom price and insurance are set by parties other than the state, which means a large part of your on-road cost is government levy. This is why the same car has a different on-road price in every city, and why comparing on-road quotes across states tells you more about tax policy than about the car.

Once you own the car, the recurring costs begin. Fuel is the obvious one, and for financed buyers the loan EMI is usually the largest monthly outgo. Insurance renews every year.

Then, much later, green tax arrives at fitness renewal for an ageing vehicle. None of these is road tax, but all of them belong in an honest ownership budget, and each is easy to underestimate when you focus only on the sticker price and the monthly EMI.

The practical lesson is to compute your full on-road price first, using this calculator for the RTO portion, then layer insurance and financing on top before deciding what you can afford. Dealers quote on-road prices that bundle everything together, which makes it hard to see what is a genuine government charge and what is a padded handling fee you can negotiate.

Breaking the number into its parts, as this tool does, puts you back in control of the conversation at the showroom.

A car that looks affordable at its ex-showroom price can be a lakh or more dearer on-road in a high-tax state, and that difference is often the deciding factor between two models or two variants. Treating road tax as an afterthought is how buyers end up stretching their budget at the last moment; treating it as a planned line item is how they stay in control.

Quick Reference: Road Tax at a Glance

What it isState-levied one-time tax on vehicle registration
Based onEx-showroom price, fuel type, state, ownership
Typical range2.5% (Dadra and Nagar Haveli) to 20% (luxury in Karnataka)
Highest statesKarnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Telangana
Lowest statesHimachal Pradesh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Gujarat
Diesel surcharge1 to 2 percentage points in many states
EV treatmentFull waiver in most states, some now taxing
TCS1% of price above 10 lakh, recoverable
Payment typeOne-time lifetime for private vehicles
BH seriesTwo-year blocks, valid across all states

Road Tax Frequently Asked Questions

Why is road tax so different from one state to another?

Road tax is a state subject under the Constitution, so each of the 36 states and union territories sets its own rate through its own motor vehicle taxation act.

States use the tax to fund their roads and to shape policy, so a state discouraging private cars or diesel sets higher rates, while smaller states keep them low. The same car can attract 2.5 percent in one place and 18 percent in another purely because of where you register it.

Is road tax a one-time payment or do I pay it every year?

For private vehicles, road tax is a one-time lifetime payment collected when you first register the car, and it covers you for 15 years. Commercial vehicles are taxed differently, usually quarterly or annually based on seating or weight. The exception for private owners is the BH series, where you pay in renewable two-year blocks rather than a single lump sum.

How is road tax actually calculated?

Road tax is your state’s slab percentage applied to the ex-showroom price of the vehicle. The percentage usually rises with the price, so a more expensive car sits in a higher band.

Diesel vehicles often carry a surcharge, some states add a cess on the tax amount, and electric vehicles are usually exempt. The calculator above applies your state’s exact slab, surcharge, and cess so the figure matches what the RTO will demand.

What is the BH series and should I choose it?

The Bharat series lets eligible owners pay road tax in two-year blocks instead of a single lifetime payment, with registration valid across every state. It suits people who move between states, since it removes the need to re-register and pay tax again.

It is open to government and defence employees and to private employees whose company operates in four or more states. Whether it saves you money depends on your car price, state, and how long you will own the vehicle, which the calculator works out for you.

Do electric vehicles pay road tax in India?

In most states electric vehicles receive a full road tax waiver as part of EV adoption policies, including Delhi, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh. However, the era of blanket exemptions is ending.

Karnataka began taxing EVs on a reduced slab from April 2026, and a few states like Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, and West Bengal never offered full waivers. Always check your state’s current EV policy, as these are revised often.

What is TCS on a car and can I get it back?

Tax Collected at Source is a 1 percent charge on any vehicle priced above 10 lakh ex-showroom. The dealer collects it at sale and deposits it against your PAN.

It is not an extra cost in the long run because you can adjust it against your income tax liability when you file your return, effectively getting it back. But you do pay it upfront at delivery, so it must be part of your on-road budget.

Why do diesel cars cost more to register?

Several states add a surcharge of 1 to 2 percentage points to the road tax on diesel vehicles to discourage higher-emission fuel. Maharashtra and Rajasthan add 2 points, Delhi about 1.25.

On an expensive car this surcharge can exceed 30,000, which changes the economics of choosing diesel for its lower running cost. Factor the registration surcharge into your fuel decision, not just the price at the pump.

Can I register my car in a cheaper state to save tax?

No. The law requires you to register the vehicle at the RTO nearest to where you actually reside. Registering in a low-tax state where you do not live is illegal, and states are cracking down with penalties, RC cancellation, and insurance claim problems.

Puducherry and similar low-tax areas have historically attracted this, and enforcement has tightened. If you genuinely move states, the BH series is the legal way to manage cross-state tax.

What is the road safety cess some states charge?

A road safety cess is an additional levy calculated on the road tax amount, not on the vehicle price, earmarked for road safety programmes. Maharashtra adds 2 percent of the tax, and Andhra Pradesh adds 10 percent.

It is a small addition next to the base tax but it does increase your total, and the calculator includes it wherever your state applies it so your estimate stays accurate.

Does road tax apply to two-wheelers too?

Yes, two-wheelers pay road tax on the same state-slab principle, though the rates are usually lower than for cars and are often tiered by engine capacity. The fixed charges are also lower, with a smaller HSRP plate cost and no FASTag requirement. Select two-wheeler in the calculator to apply the correct plate charge and see your bike’s registration cost.

Is road tax calculated before or after dealer discounts?

Road tax is calculated on the full ex-showroom price regardless of any discount, exchange bonus, or promotional offer you negotiate. The RTO does not care what deal you struck at the showroom; it taxes the listed ex-showroom price.

So a discount reduces what you pay the dealer but not what you pay the RTO. Gujarat is a notable exception in that it taxes the pre-GST invoice value rather than the full ex-showroom price.

What is green tax and when do I pay it?

Green tax is a separate levy on older vehicles, charged at the time of fitness certificate renewal, usually for private vehicles older than 15 years and commercial vehicles older than 8 years.

It is meant to discourage keeping polluting vehicles on the road. It is distinct from the one-time road tax you pay at first registration, and it recurs at each renewal for an ageing vehicle. Rates vary by state and vehicle type.

How much is registration if I move my car to a new state?

When you relocate permanently and re-register in a new state, you generally pay that state’s road tax again, though you can claim a refund of the unused portion from your original state based on how long you held the vehicle there.

The process involves a no-objection certificate and can be slow. This double payment and paperwork is exactly the pain the BH series was designed to remove for people who move frequently.

Which state has the lowest road tax in India?

Dadra and Nagar Haveli charges the lowest at a flat 2.5 percent of ex-showroom price for petrol cars, with Himachal Pradesh close behind at about 2.5 percent for lower-priced cars.

Sikkim, Puducherry, and Gujarat’s flat 6 percent on pre-GST value are other low-cost options. However, you can only benefit from these if you genuinely reside there, since registration must match your actual address.

Does the calculator include insurance in the on-road price?

No. This calculator focuses on the government and RTO charges: road tax, cess, TCS, registration, plates, and hypothecation. First-year insurance is a separate cost set by your insurer and IRDAI-approved rates, and it varies by model and add-ons.

The on-road figure here is your ex-showroom price plus all RTO outgo, to which you then add insurance and any dealer handling charges for the final drive-away price.

How accurate is this calculator against my actual RTO demand?

It uses representative 2026 state slabs with the correct diesel surcharge, cess, TCS, and EV treatment, so it produces a close and defensible estimate. The main variable is that states revise rates in their budgets, and some apply seating or engine-size nuances.

For a precise figure, confirm your slab on the Vahan portal or with your dealer, after which the estimate should align closely with the RTO’s computed demand.

Do company-owned vehicles pay more road tax?

Yes, in several states a vehicle registered in a company name attracts a higher rate or a flat premium slab. Maharashtra, for instance, applies a flat 20 percent to company-registered and imported vehicles regardless of price, and Telangana adds a surcharge.

Selecting company ownership in the calculator applies the higher applicable rate so a business buyer sees the true cost rather than the individual rate.